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Cynegils of Wessex
Cynegils was King of Wessex from c. 611 to c. 643. Cynegils is traditionally considered to have been King of Wessex, but the familiar kingdoms of the so-called Heptarchy had not yet formed from the patchwork of smaller kingdoms in his lifetime.〔The Kingdom of Kent may have been the exception. S.E. Kelly, "Kent, Kingdom of", in M. Lapidge et al. (eds), ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England''; D.P. Kirby, ''The Earliest English Kings'', p. 30ff.; Ann Williams, ''Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c.500–1066'', p. 5ff.; Barbara Yorke, ''Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England'', p. 25ff.〕 The later kingdom of Wessex was centred on the counties of Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, and Wiltshire, but the evidence of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' is that the kingdom of Cynegils was located on the upper River Thames, extending into northern Wiltshire and Somerset, southern Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, and western Berkshire, with Dorchester-on-Thames as one of the major royal sites. This region, probably connected to the early tribal grouping known as the Gewisse, a term used by Bede for the West Saxons, lay on the frontier between the later kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia.〔Kirby, p. 48ff.; Yorke, pp. 135–137; Barbara Yorke, "Gewisse", in M. Lapidge et al.; Barbara Yorkes, "Wessex", in M. Lapidge et al., in M. Lapidge et al.〕
==Genealogy==
It appears that Cynegils became king on the death of King Ceolwulf c. 611. His relationship to Ceolwulf is uncertain. Cynegils is variously described in West Saxon sources as being a son of Ceolwulf, a son of Ceol brother of Ceolwulf, a son of Ceola son of Cutha, a son of Cuthwine son of Ceawlin, and a son of Cuthwulf son of Cuthwine. Several of the sources give Cynegils a brother named Ceolwald, described as the grandfather of King Ine.〔Kirby, appendix, figure 4; see also Yorke, pp. 133–134.〕 Although the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' and Wessex king lists portray the West Saxons as ruled by a single king, it is likely that the kingship was shared between two or more kings.〔Kirby, pp. 48–49.〕
The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' for the year 611 states: "This year Cynegils succeeded to the government in Wessex, and held it one and thirty winters. Cynegils was the son of Ceol, Ceol of Cutha, Cutha of Cynric."〔For a prosopography of Cynegils in the sources, see 〕 Contradicting this simple account, the entry under 614 states that "This year Cynegils and Cwichelm fought at ''Beandun'',〔Possibly Bindon near Axmouth in Devon, see Morris, J. (1995) The Age of Arthur ISBN 1-84212-477-3 p.307. Beandun has also been identified with Bampton, Oxfordshire, but evidence is lacking. See (Victoria County History of Oxfordshire: Bampton and Weald ).〕 and slew two thousand and forty-six of the Welsh." Likewise, Bede writes that the attempted assassination of King Edwin of Northumbria in 626 was ordered by Cwichelm, king of the West Saxons.〔Bede, ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'', II, 9.〕 Whether the King Cwichelm of 614 is the same person as the king of the late 620s, and whether this person is the same as the Cwichelm who was baptised, and died, c. 636, is disputed. Some historians presume Cwichelm to have been a son of Cynegils.〔Kirby. p. 51.〕
In 628, Cynegils and Cwichelm fought King Penda at Cirencester. The ''Chronicle''〔reference to the aforementioned ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle''〕 could be expected to report a victory, but does not, so it is likely that Penda was the victor.〔Sarah Zaluckyj, ''Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England'', pp. 28 and 102.〕 Cynegils and Cwichelm appear to have been subject to Edwin of Northumbria by this time, paying an enormous tribute of a hundred thousand hides if Nick Higham's conception of the Tribal Hidage's origins is correct.〔N.J. Higham, ''An English empire: Bede and the early Anglo-Saxon kings'', p. 74ff.; but see also John Blair, "Tribal Hidage", in M. Lapidge et al.〕
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